# Cone Class

This class handles all computations relating to rational polyhedral cones, such cone duality and extremal ray computations. It is mainly used for the study of Kähler and Mori cones.

warning

This class is primarily tailored to pointed (i.e. strongly convex) cones. There are a few computations, such as finding extremal rays, that may produce some unexpected results when working with non-pointed cones. Additionally, cones that are not pointed, and whose dual is also not pointed, are not supported since they are uncommon and difficult to deal with.

## Constructor​

### cytools.cone.Cone​

Description: Constructs a Cone object. This is handled by the hidden __init__ function.

Arguments:

• rays (array_like, optional): A list of rays that generates the cone. If it is not specified then the hyperplane normals must be specified.
• hyperplanes (array_like, optional): A list of inward-pointing hyperplane normals that define the cone. If it is not specified then the generating rays must be specified.
• check (bool, optional, default=True): Whether to check the input. Recommended if constructing a cone directly.
note

Exactly one of rays or hyperplanes must be specified. Otherwise an exception is raised.

Example

We construct a cone in two different ways. First from a list of rays then from a list of hyperplane normals. We verify that the two inputs result in the same cone.

from cytools import Conec1 = Cone([[0,1],[1,1]]) # Create a cone using rays. It can also be done with Cone(rays=[[0,1],[1,1]])c2 = Cone(hyperplanes=[[1,0],[-1,1]]) # Create a cone using hyperplane normals.c1 == c2 # We verify that the two cones are the same.# True

## Functions​

### ambient_dimension​

Description: Returns the dimension of the ambient lattice.

Arguments: None.

Returns: (int) The dimension of the ambient lattice.

Aliases: ambient_dim.

Example

We construct a cone and find the dimension of the ambient lattice.

c = Cone([[0,1,0],[1,1,0]])c.ambient_dimension()# 3

### clear_cache​

Description: Clears the cached results of any previous computation.

Arguments: None.

Returns: Nothing.

Example

We construct a cone, compute its extremal rays, clear the cache and then compute them again.

c = Cone([[1,0],[1,1],[0,1]])c.extremal_rays()# array([[0, 1],#        [1, 0]])c.clear_cache() # Clears the cached resultc.extremal_rays() # The extremal rays recomputed# array([[0, 1],#        [1, 0]])

### dimension​

Description: Returns the dimension of the cone.

Arguments: None.

Returns: (int) The dimension of the cone.

Aliases: dim.

Example

We construct a cone and find its dimension.

c = Cone([[0,1,0],[1,1,0]])c.dimension()# 2

### dual_cone​

Description: Returns the dual cone.

Arguments: None.

Returns: (Cone) The dual cone.

Aliases: dual.

Example

We construct a cone and find its dual cone.

c = Cone([[0,1],[1,1]])c.dual_cone()# A rational polyhedral cone in RR^2 defined by 2 hyperplanes normalsc.dual_cone().rays()# array([[ 1,  0],#        [-1,  1]])

### extremal_rays​

Description: Returns the extremal rays of the cone.

note

By default, this function will use as many CPU threads as there are available. To fix the number of threads, you can set the n_threads variable in the config submodule.

Arguments:

• tol (float, optional, default=1e-4): Specifies the tolerance for deciding whether a ray is extremal or not.
• verbose (bool, optional, default=False): When set to True it show the progress while finding the extremal rays.

Returns: (numpy.ndarray) The list of extremal rays of the cone.

Example

We construct a cone and find its extremal_rays.

c = Cone([[0,1],[1,1],[1,0]])c.extremal_rays()# array([[0, 1],#        [1, 0]])

### find_grading_vector​

Description: Finds a grading vector for the cone, i.e. a vector $\mathbf{v}$ such that any non-zero point in the cone $\mathbf{p}$ has a positive dot product $\mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{p}>0$. Thus, the grading vector must be strictly interior to the dual cone, so it is only defined for pointed cones. This function returns an integer grading vector.

Arguments:

• backend (str, optional, default=None): String that specifies the optimizer to use. The options are the same as for the find_interior_point function.

Returns: (numpy.ndarray) A grading vector. If it could not be found then None is returned.

Example

We construct a cone and find a grading vector.

c = Cone([[3,2],[5,3]])c.find_grading_vector()# array([-1,  2])

### find_interior_point​

Description: Finds a point in the strict interior of the cone. If no point is found then None is returned.

Arguments:

• c (float, optional, default=1): A real positive number specifying the stretching of the cone (i.e. the minimum distance to the defining hyperplanes).
• backend (str, optional, default=None): String that specifies the optimizer to use. Options are "glop", "scip", "cpsat", "mosek", "osqp", and "cvxopt". If it is not specified then for $d<50$ it uses "glop" by if integral is False or "scip" if it is True. For $d\geq50$ it uses "mosek" if it is activated, or "glop" otherwise.
• integral (bool, optional, default=False): A flag that specifies whether the point should have integral coordinates.

Returns: (numpy.ndarray) A point in the strict interior of the cone. If no point is found then None is returned.

Example

We construct a cone and find some interior points.

c = Cone([[3,2],[5,3]])c.find_interior_point()# array([4. , 2.5])c.find_interior_point(integral=True)# array([8, 5])

### find_lattice_points​

Description: Finds lattice points in the cone. The points are found in the region bounded by the cone, and by a cutoff surface given by the grading vector. Note that this requires the cone to be pointed. The minimum number of points to find can be specified, or if working with a preferred grading vector it is possible to specify the maximum degree.

Arguments:

• min_point (int, optional): Specifies the minimum number of points to find. The degree will be increased until this minimum number is achieved.
• max_deg (int, optional): The maximum degree of the points to find. This is useful when working with a preferred grading.
• grading_vector (array_like, optional): The grading vector that will be used. If it is not specified then it is computed.
• max_coord (int, optional, default=1000): The maximum magnitude of the coordinates of the points.
• filter_function (function, optional): A function to use as a filter of the points that will be kept. It should return a boolean indicating whether to keep the point. Note that min_points does not take the filtering into account.
• process_function (function, optional): A function to process the points as the are found. This is useful to avoid first constructing a large list of points and then processing it.

Returns: (numpy.ndarray) The list of points.

Example

We construct a cone and find at least 20 lattice points in it.

c = Cone([[3,2],[5,3]])pts = c.find_lattice_points(min_points=20)print(len(pts)) # We see that it found 21 points# 21

Let's also give an example where we use a function to apply some filtering. This can be something very complicated, but here we just pick the points where all coordinates are odd.

def filter_function(pt):    return all(c%2 for c in pt)c = Cone([[3,2],[5,3]])pts = c.find_lattice_points(min_points=20, filter_function=filter_function)print(len(pts)) # Now we get only 6 points instead of 21# 6

Finally, let's give an example where we process the data as it comes instead of first constructing a list. In this simple example we just print each point with odd coordinates, but in general it can be a complex algorithm.

def process_function(pt):    if all(c%2 for c in pt):        print(f"Processing point {pt}")c = Cone([[3,2],[5,3]])c.find_lattice_points(min_points=20, process_function=process_function)# Processing point (5, 3)# Processing point (11, 7)# Processing point (15, 9)# Processing point (17, 11)# Processing point (21, 13)# Processing point (25, 15)

### hilbert_basis​

Description: Returns the Hilbert basis of the cone. Normaliz is used for the computation.

Arguments: None.

Returns: (numpy.ndarray) The list of vectors forming the Hilbert basis.

Example

We compute the Hilbert basis of a two-dimensional cone.

c = Cone([[1,3],[2,1]])c.hilbert_basis()# array([[1, 1],#        [1, 2],#        [1, 3],#        [2, 1]])

### hyperplanes​

Description: Returns the inward-pointing normals to the hyperplanes that define the cone.

Arguments: None.

Returns: (numpy.ndarray) The list of inward-pointing normals to the hyperplanes that define the cone.

Example

We construct two cones and find their hyperplane normals.

c1 = Cone([[0,1],[1,1]])c2 = Cone(hyperplanes=[[0,1],[1,1]])c1.hyperplanes()# array([[ 1,  0],#        [-1,  1]])c2.hyperplanes()# array([[0, 1],#        [1, 1]])

### intersection​

Description: Computes the intersection with another cone, or with a list of cones.

Arguments:

• other (Cone or array_like): The other cone that is being intersected, or a list of cones to intersect with.

Returns: (Cone) The cone that results from the intersection.

Example

We construct two cones and find their intersection.

c1 = Cone([[1,0],[1,2]])c2 = Cone([[0,1],[2,1]])c3 = c1.intersection(c2)c3.rays()# array([[2, 1],#        [1, 2]])

### is_pointed​

Description: Returns True if the cone is pointed (i.e. strongly convex).

note

There are two available methods to perform the computation. Using NNLS it directly checks if it can find a linear subspace. Alternatively, it can check if the dual cone is solid. For extremely wide cones the second approach is more reliable, so that is the default one.

Arguments:

• backend (str, optional): Specifies which backend to use. Available options are "nnls", and any backends available for the is_solid function. If not specified, it uses the default backend for the is_solid function.
• tol (float, optional, default=1e-7): The tolerance for determining when a linear subspace is found. This is only used for the NNLS backend.

Returns: (bool) The truth value of the cone being pointed.

Aliases: is_strongly_convex.

Example

We construct two cones and check if they are pointed.

c1 = Cone([[1,0],[0,1]])c2 = Cone([[1,0],[0,1],[-1,0]])c1.is_pointed()# Truec2.is_pointed()# False

### is_simplicial​

Description: Returns True if the cone is simplicial.

Arguments: None.

Returns: (bool) The truth value of the cone being simplicial.

Example

We construct two cones and check if they are simplicial.

c1 = Cone([[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]])c2 = Cone([[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1],[1,1,-1]])c1.is_simplicial()# Truec2.is_simplicial()# False

### is_smooth​

Description: Returns True if the cone is smooth, i.e. its extremal rays either form a basis of the ambient lattice, or they can be extended into one.

Arguments: None.

Returns: (bool) The truth value of the cone being smooth.

Example

We construct two cones and check if they are smooth.

c1 = Cone([[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]])c2 = Cone([[2,0,1],[0,1,0],[1,0,2]])c1.is_smooth()# Truec2.is_smooth()# False

### is_solid​

Description: Returns True if the cone is solid, i.e. if it is full-dimensional.

note

If the generating rays are known then this can simply be checked by computing the dimension of the linear space that they span. However, when only the hyperplane inequalities are known this can be a difficult problem. When using PPL as the backend, the convex hull is explicitly constructed and checked. The other backends try to find a point in the strict interior of the cone, which fails if the cone is not solid. The latter approach is much faster, but there could be extremely narrow cones where the optimization fails and this function returns a false negative.

Arguments:

Returns: (bool) The truth value of the cone being solid.

Aliases: is_full_dimensional.

Example

We construct two cones and check if they are solid.

c1 = Cone([[1,0],[0,1]])c2 = Cone([[1,0,0],[0,1,0]])c1.is_solid()# Truec2.is_solid()# False

### rays​

Description: Returns the (not necessarily extremal) rays that generate the cone.

Arguments: None.

Returns: (numpy.ndarray) The list of rays that generate the cone.

Example

We construct two cones and find their generating rays.

c1 = Cone([[0,1],[1,1]])c2 = Cone(hyperplanes=[[0,1],[1,1]])c1.rays()# array([[0, 1],#        [1, 1]])c2.rays()# array([[ 1,  0],#        [-1,  1]])

### tip_of_stretched_cone​

Description: Finds the tip of the stretched cone. The stretched cone is defined as the convex polyhedral region inside the cone that is at least a distance c from any of its defining hyperplanes. Its tip is defined as the point in this region with the smallest norm.

note

This is a problem that requires quadratic programming since the norm of a vector is being minimized. For dimensions up to around 50, this can easily be done with open-source solvers like OSQP or CVXOPT, however for higher dimensions this becomes a difficult task that only the Mosek optimizer is able to handle. However, Mosek is closed-source and requires a license. For this reason we preferentially use ORTools, which is open-source, to solve a linear problem and find a good approximation of the tip. Nevertheless, if Mosek is activated then it uses Mosek as it is faster and more accurate.

Arguments:

• c (float): A real positive number specifying the stretching of the cone (i.e. the minimum distance to the defining hyperplanes).
• backend (str, optional, default=None): String that specifies the optimizer to use. Options are "mosek", "osqp", "cvxopt", and "glop". If it is not specified then for $d<50$ it uses "osqp" by default. For $d\geq50$ it uses "mosek" if it is activated, or "glop" otherwise.
• check (bool, optional, default=True): Flag that specifies whether to check if the output of the optimizer is consistent and satisfies constraint_error_tol.
• constraint_error_tol (float, optional, default=1e-2): Error tolerance for the linear constraints.

Returns: (numpy.ndarray) The vector specifying the location of the tip. If it could not be found then None is returned.

Example

We construct two cones and find the locations of the tips of the stretched cones.

c1 = Cone([[1,0],[0,1]])c2 = Cone([[3,2],[5,3]])c1.tip_of_stretched_cone(1)# array([1., 1.])c2.tip_of_stretched_cone(1)# array([8., 5.])

## Hidden Functions​

### __eq__​

Description: Implements comparison of cones with ==.

note

The comparison of cones that are not pointed, and whose duals are also not pointed, is not supported.

Arguments:

• other (Cone): The other cone that is being compared.

Returns: (bool) The truth value of the cones being equal.

Example

We construct two cones and compare them.

c1 = Cone([[0,1],[1,1]])c2 = Cone(hyperplanes=[[1,0],[-1,1]])c1 == c2# True

### __hash__​

Description: Implements the ability to obtain hash values from cones.

note

Cones that are not pointed, and whose duals are also not pointed, are not supported.

Arguments: None.

Returns: (int) The hash value of the cone.

Example

We compute the hash value of a cone. Also, we construct a set and a dictionary with a cone, which make use of the hash function.

c = Cone([[0,1],[1,1]])h = hash(c) # Obtain hash valued = {c: 1} # Create dictionary with cone keyss = {c} # Create a set of cones

### __init__​

Description: Initializes a Cone object.

Arguments:

• rays (array_like, optional): A list of rays that generates the cone. If it is not specified then the hyperplane normals must be specified.
• hyperplanes (array_like, optional): A list of inward-pointing hyperplane normals that define the cone. If it is not specified then the generating rays must be specified.
• check (bool, optional, default=True): Whether to check the input. Recommended if constructing a cone directly.
note

Exactly one of rays or hyperplanes must be specified. Otherwise an exception is raised.

Returns: Nothing.

Example

This is the function that is called when creating a new Cone object. We construct a cone in two different ways. First from a list of rays then from a list of hyperplane normals. We verify that the two inputs result in the same cone.

from cytools import Conec1 = Cone([[0,1],[1,1]]) # Create a cone using rays. It can also be done with Cone(rays=[[0,1],[1,1]])c2 = Cone(hyperplanes=[[1,0],[-1,1]]) # Create a cone using hyperplane normals.c1 == c2 # We verify that the two cones are the same.# True

### __ne__​

Description: Implements comparison of cones with !=.

note

The comparison of cones that are not pointed, and whose duals are also not pointed, is not supported.

Arguments:

• other (Cone): The other cone that is being compared.

Returns: (bool) The truth value of the cones being different.

Example

We construct two cones and compare them.

c1 = Cone([[0,1],[1,1]])c2 = Cone(hyperplanes=[[1,0],[-1,1]])c1 != c2# False

### __repr__​

Description: Returns a string describing the polytope.

Arguments: None.

Returns: (str) A string describing the polytope.

Example

This function can be used to convert the Cone to a string or to print information about the cone.

c = Cone([[1,0],[1,1],[0,1]])cone_info = str(c) # Converts to stringprint(c) # Prints cone info# A 2-dimensional rational polyhedral cone in RR^2 generated by 3 rays